2014年1月12日星期日

支那古代根本没有什么炒钢法,天工开物里记载的生熟炼不能炼出熟铁,真正的生熟炼是1784年英国人Henry Cort发明的普德林法。



天工开物:

○铁

  凡铁场所在有之,其铁浅浮土面,不生深穴,繁生平阳、冈埠,不生峻岭高

  山。质有土锭、碎砂数种。凡土锭铁,土面浮出黑块,形似枰锤。遥望宛然如铁,

  之则碎土。若起冶煎炼,浮者拾之,又乘雨湿之后牛耕起土,拾其数寸土内者。

  耕垦之后,其块逐日生长,愈用不穷。西北甘肃,东南泉郡,皆锭铁之薮也。燕

  京、遵化与山西平阳,则皆砂铁之薮也。凡砂铁一抛土膜即现其形,取来淘洗,

  入炉煎炼,熔化之后与锭铁无二也。

  凡铁分生、熟,出炉未炒则生,既炒则熟。生熟相和,炼成则钢。凡铁炉用

  盐做造,和泥砌成。其炉多傍山穴为之,或用巨木匡围,朔造盐泥,穷月之力不

  容造次。盐泥有罅,尽弃全功。凡铁一炉载土二千余斤,或用硬木柴,或用煤炭,

  或用木炭,南北各从利便。扇炉风箱必用四人、六人带拽。土化成铁之后,从炉

  腰孔流出。炉孔先用泥塞。每旦昼六时,一时出铁一陀。既出即叉泥塞,鼓风再

  熔。

  凡造生铁为冶铸用者,就此流成长条、圆块,范内取用。若造熟铁,则生铁

  流出时相连数尺内,低下数寸筑一方塘,短墙抵之。其铁流入塘内,数人执持柳

  木棍排立墙上,先以污潮泥晒干,舂筛细罗如面,一人疾手撒扌艳,众人柳棍疾

  搅,即时炒成熟铁。其柳棍每炒一次,烧折二三寸,再用则又更之。炒过稍冷之时,或有就塘内斩划成方块者,或有提出挥椎打圆后货者。若济阳诸冶,不知出此也。

  凡钢铁炼法,用熟铁打成薄片如指头阔,长寸半许,以铁片束尖紧,生铁安

  置其上,(广南生铁名堕子生钢者妙甚。)又用破草履盖其上,(粘带泥土者,

  故不速化。)泥涂其底下。洪炉鼓鞲,火力到时,生钢先化,渗淋熟铁之中,两

  情投合,取出加锤。再炼再锤,不一而足。俗名团钢,亦曰灌钢者是也。

  凡倭夷刀剑有百炼精纯、置日光檐下则满室辉曜者,不用生熟相和炼,又名

  此钢为下乘云。夷人又有以地溲淬刀剑者,(地溲乃石脑油之类,不产中国。)

  云钢可切玉,亦末之见也。凡铁内有硬处不可打者名铁核,以香油涂之即散。凡

  产铁之阴,其阳出慈石,第有数处不尽然也。

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评:生铁水流出炉外后几分钟就开始凝固,用柳木棍子搅拌的时间只有短短几分钟,生铁水和空气中的氧接触的时间很短,脱碳工作只是聊胜于无。得到的还是生铁,只不过古人称这种生铁叫“熟铁”,这种过程也就成了“生熟炼”。

真正的生熟炼是18实际英国人发明的普德林法,这种工艺可以把生铁直接炼成熟铁,成本比固体还原法低得多,从此以后,生铁在工业上得到广泛应用,直到1863年才被英国人贝塞麦发明的转炉炼钢法淘汰。清朝洋务运动中广泛引进普德林法炼熟铁,1957年支那大炼钢铁时依然使用普德林法。



普德林法

普德林法(puddling process)

工业革命初期英国大规模生产熟铁的冶炼方法。又称搅炼法。普德林炉的构造和平炉相近,只是没有下部的蓄热室。燃料燃烧后形成的长火焰送入炉内,靠炉顶的反射作用加热生铁,炉底用铁的氧化物砌筑,由于火焰中的过剩氧和炉底中大量的氧使生铁中的碳和磷经氧化去除。但普德林炉温只有约1400℃,生铁中的脱除到一定程度后,熔点超过炉温,金属呈半凝固状态,要靠人力搅拌才能使冶炼继续进行。但由于炉底和炉渣中含有极高470的氧化铁,碳可以脱除到很低,成为熟铁;然后经反复锻打,挤出熟铁中的氧化铁渣子后,制成材料使用。普德林法是现代炼钢法出现之前的主要生产方法,曾达到相当大的生产规模,19世纪中期欧美各国用普德林熟铁铺筑的铁路达到7万多km。但由于半凝固态冶炼的根本弱点——劳动条件恶劣和熟铁品质差,在贝塞麦法诞生后,普德林法即被迅速淘汰。


Hand-puddling process

In 1784 Henry Cort devised a method of producing wrought iron from cast iron using a coal fired puddling furnace also known as Reverberatory Furnace.
A Reverberatory Furnace as shown in the figure given below is a long low structure built out of fire bricks. The coal fired was at one end with the hearth between the fire and the chimney. The hearth was slightly dished with a roof that directed the smoke and flame from the fire well above the iron. By keeping the smoke and flame above the iron, no carbon from the fire came in contact with the iron. The principle advantage of this type of furnace was that poor quality fuel could be used without the risk of contamination of the material.
Puddling Furnace
For making wrought iron, solid pig iron (cast iron) was heated vigorously in the hearth until it was all molten. The fire was then damped down and the iron stirred so as to bring as much as possible in contact with the air. As wrought iron has a higher melting point than pig iron, if the temperature in the furnace was correct the iron began to solidify as the carbon was removed. Eventually the wrought iron could be worked into a single lump of iron in the centre of the hearth. Although in theory this was wrought iron, it was not usable in this form because of the slag within the lump. For the wrought iron to be made usable, it was lifted from the furnace and forged using a ‘Shingling Hammer’. Finally it was rolled into bars or sheet.


普德林法能够获得成功,主要是炉温达到了1400度的高温,而且反射炉内铁矿石和焦炭不直接接触,避免了碳混入铁水里,这种环境下需要工人使用钢棍进行长时间的搅拌,工作强度极大,工作环境也极为恶劣。

对比天工开物里的生熟铁,只是在1100多度的生铁水里用柳木棍搅拌几分钟,两个工艺完全不同,得到的自然也是截然不同的两种东西。









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